MLA Style
The Modern Language
Association (MLA) is an organization of teachers and scholars devoted to
the study of language and literature. MLA style has been widely adopted
by academic journals, schools, and instructors. Since its initial
publication, the MLA Style Manual has become the predominant style guide
for use in the Humanities in the United States, and is commonly used in
Canada and other countries worldwide.
Instructions:
Names:
Author names should appear as they do on the title page, whether spelled
out or using initials. The first author is listed last name first, but
any other authors appear in normal order.
Titles:
Capitalize the first, last, and all principal words.
Dates: Use
the order: day month year. Shorten the month to the standard 3- or 4-
letter abbreviation.
When citing EBSCOhost,
EBSCO is always uppercase; host is always lowercase italics.
Journal article:
Pattern:
FirstAuthorLastName,
FirstAuthorFirstName, and SecondAuthorFirstName Second AuthorLastName.
"Title of the article." Journal title
VolumeNum.IssueNum (PublicationYear): StartPage-EndPage. Database
Name. Day Month Year <http://search.epnet.com>.
Example:
Crainer,
Stuart, and Des Dearlove. "Windfall Economics." Business
Strategy Review 14.4 (2003): 68-72. Business Source Premier.
5 November 2005. <http://search.epnet.com>.
Magazine article:
Pattern:
FirstAuthorLastName,
FirstAuthorFirstName, and SecondAuthorFirstName Second AuthorLastName.
"Title of the article." Magazine title PublicationDay
Month Year: StartPage-EndPage. Database Name. Day Month Year
<http://search.epnet.com>.
Example:
Grossman,
Lev. "The Geek Shall Inherit the Earth." Time 3
October 2005: 98-98. Business Source Premier. 5 November 2005.
<http://search.epnet.com>.
Newspaper article:
Pattern:
FirstAuthorLastName,
FirstAuthorFirstName, and SecondAuthorFirstName Second AuthorLastName.
"Title of the article." Newspaper title
PublicationDay Month Year: StartPage-EndPage. Database Name.
Day Month Year <http://search.epnet.com>.
Example:
Kolata,
Gina. "Experts Unlock Clues to Spread of 1918 Flu Virus." New
York Times 6 October 2005: A1-A20. Academic Search Premier.
5 November 2005. <http://search.epnet.com>.
Book chapter:
Pattern:
FirstAuthorLastName,
FirstAuthorFirstName, and SecondAuthorFirstName Second AuthorLastName.
"Title of the Chapter." Book Title.
PublishersLocation: PublisherName, PublicationYear. StartPage-EndPage.
Database Name. Day Month Year <http://search.epnet.com>.
You can get the publisher's
name and location from the Publication Details page, found by clicking
the Source field in the citation.
Example:
Freedman,
Maurice J. "Libraries in Today's World." World Almanac
& Book of Facts. New York: World Almanac Education Group Inc.,
2004. 16-17. MasterFILE Premier. 5 Nov. 2005. <http://search.epnet.com>.
These are only basic
examples of the MLA style. More detailed information is
available through the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
(6th edition), the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly
Publishing (2nd edition) and http://www.mla.org/style.
In addition, a variety of third-party style guides and web sites can
provide further assistance.
Always consult your
library resources for the exact formatting and punctuation guidelines.
APA Style
The main scholarly
association for academic psychologists in the United States, the
American Psychological Association (APA) has developed standardized
methods for citing print and electronic sources used in research.
Instructions:
Names: Use
initials for first and middle names.
Titles: For
articles, chapters and books, capitalize only the first word of the
title and subtitle and proper nouns. Fully capitalize periodical titles.
Dates:
Publication dates use the order year, month day. The access date uses
the order month day year.
When citing EBSCOhost,
EBSCO is always uppercase; host is always lowercase italics.
Journal article:
Pattern:
FirstAuthorLastName,
F. N., & SecondAuthorLastName, F. N. (PublicationYear). Title of
the article. Journal Title, VolumeNumber(IssueNumber),
StartPage-EndPage. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Database Name
database.
Example:
Crainer,
S., & Dearlove, D. (2003). Windfall economics. Business
Strategy Review, 14(4), 68-72. Retrieved Monday,
November 5, 2005 from the Business Source Premier database.
Magazine article:
Pattern:
FirstAuthorLastName,
F. N., & SecondAuthorLastName, F. N. (PublicationYear, Month Day).
Title of the article. Magazine Title, VolumeNumber(IssueNumber),
StartPage-EndPage. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Database Name
database.
Example:
Grossman,
L. (2005, October). The Geek shall inherit the earth. Time, 166(14),
98-98. Retrieved Monday, November 5, 2005 from the Business Source
Premier database.
Newspaper article:
Pattern:
FirstAuthorLastName,
F. N., & SecondAuthorLastName, F. N. (PublicationYear, Month Day).
Title of the article. Newspaper Title, VolumeNumber(IssueNumber),
StartPage-EndPage. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Database Name
database.
Example:
Kolata,
G. (2005, October 6). Experts unlock clues to spread of 1918 flu
virus. New York Times, 155(53359), A1-A20. Retrieved
Monday, November 5, 2005 from the Academic Search Premier database.
Book chapter:
Pattern:
FirstAuthorLastName,
F. N., & SecondAuthorLastName, F. N. (PublicationYear). Title of
the chapter. Book title (pp. StartPage-EndPage).
PublishersLocation: PublisherName. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from
Database Name.
You can get the publisher's
name and location from the Publication Details page, found by clicking
the Source field in the citation.
Example:
Freedman,
M. J. (2004). Libraries in today's world. World almanac & book
of facts (pp. 16-17). New York: World Almanac Education Group
Inc. Retrieved Monday, November 5, 2005 from the MasterFILE Premier
database.
These are only basic
examples of the APA style. More detailed information is
available through the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (5th edition) and http://www.apastyle.org/.
In addition, a variety of third-party style guides and web sites can
provide further assistance.
Always consult your
library resources for the exact formatting and punctuation guidelines.